Oil Refining and Australia’s Market

Oil Refining & Australia’s Market | An animated infographic

How is crude oil refined? What are the products it produces? Where does Australia sit in its ability to process crude oil? Not just now but in the future? Please view our animated infographic by clicking on the image below or click here to get the answers.

oil refining infographic
Crude oil, in its raw natural form, must undergo refinement to make it useful for consumers. An oil refinery separates, converts, and purifies the components of crude oil into valuable petrochemicals. Many products, from propane to petrol to bitumen, can come from just one barrel of crude oil through refining. Australian oil refineries were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s. Together, they have a refining capacity of approximately half a million barrels per day. Let’s look at the fundamental processes in an oil refining setup, and learn more about Australia’s role in the global oil industry.

Types of Crude Oil

The composition of crude oil varies greatly between different natural sources. The two most important factors for profiling crude oil are its density and its sulfur content.
Oil that is less dense is referred to as “light,” whereas denser oil is classified as “heavy.” Oil with high sulfur content is called “sour,” as opposed to “sweet” oil which contains less sulfur.
As hevay oil requires more refining than light oil to yield useful products, light oil is valued higher than heavy oil. For the same reason, oil that is sweet is more valuable than oil that is sour.
Most of the crude oil found in Australia is premium crude; light and sweet.

One typical barrel of crude oil might yield:*

  • 70 litres of petrol
  • 34 litres of diesel
  • 15 litres of jet fuel
  • 7 litres of propane / butane
  • 7 litres of heavy fuel oil
  • 7 litres of refinery fuel gas
  • 7 litres of coke
  • 5 litres of bitumen
  • 4 litres of petrochemical feedstock**
  • 2 litres of lubricants

*Total litres exceed the volume of one barrel due to the lower density of refined products.
**Raw materials used for conversion into other products used in science and industry.

Oil Refinery

Like other industrial plants, the typical oil refinery is a large-scale operation, taking place in vast complexes with equipment the size of office buildings. Many refineries are designed to operate continuously for months at a time. The specific layout and equipment of a refinery varies greatly, and depends on both the quality of the crude oil being refined, and the market for different refined products.

Cost to build an efficiently-scaled refinery: $6.5 billion

Hydrocarbons

Crude Oil is made up mostly of hydrocarbons- compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are categorized by their molecular shape and the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Generally, the greater the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, the higher its boiling point. This is one of the key principles applied in oil refining.

Distillation

Crude oil contains a variety of hydrocarbons that have different boiling points. To separate these compounds, the oil is first sent to a boiler where it is heated into a super-hot mixture of liquid and vapour called the feed. The mixture is then fed into a distillation tower. In here, the compounds with a lower boiling point rise up as vapours, while the compounds with a higher boiling point fall downwards as liquids. The tower contains trays that allow the vapour to bubble upward through the liquid, helping to exchange heat and resulting in more effective separation.

Cracking

Heavy, high-boiling fractions, composed of larger hydrocarbon molecules, are often less desirable than the lighter fractions composed of smaller molecules. For this reason, some of the heavier fractions are sent to cracking units that break down the hydrocarbons into smaller components. One widely-used method, known as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC), works by exposing the oil to extreme heat and a finely powdered catalyst, which breaks apart the molecules. The heated feed and catalyst are combined in the riser. The reactor then separates the catalyst from the newly cracked product, which may be sent back for re-distillation. Meanwhile, the catalyst is cleaned and recycled in the regenerator.

Hydrotreating

The distilled product may still contain undesirable elements, the most important of which is sulfur. Fuels containing sulfur, when burned, produce pungent sulfur dioxide. Hydrotreating removes sulfur by exposing the product to hydrogen gas as well as extreme heat and a catalyst. The hydrogen atoms bond with the sulfur, converting it into hydrogen sulfide. This hydrogen sulphide gas can then be removed via re-distillation. In this example, the organosulfur compound propanethiol (C₃H₈S) is being converted into cleaner-burning propane (C₃H₈).

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Products

In addition to fuels, lubricants, and bitumen, countless other products are made from chemicals derived from oil refining:
Cosmetics, Plastic bags, Electronics, Golf balls, Detergetns, Tyres, House paint, Diving suits, Plastic bottles, Hot air balloons, Water and sewage pipes, Rain boots, Nappies, Optical media

Australia’s Market

With a refining capacity of 146,000 barrels per day, The Kwinana Refinery is the largest oil refinery in Australia. The largest refineries in Asia, however, can process between 600,000 and 1,200,000 barrels per day. Due to the competitive advantage of Asian oil refineries, Australia’s oil refining market is in steep decline. Since 2003, 3 out of 8 Australian refineries have been de-commissioned, with a another due for de-commissioning in mid-2015. Australia now imports most of its refined products from Singapore, South Korea, and Japan.

Australia’s Future

Australia’s dependence on imports of refined products, crude oil and other refinery feedstock (ORF) has increased significantly over the last 30 years.
In 1986-87, imports of crude oil and ORF equalled 24% of domestic consumption. Today, this proportion is over 80%.
Since 2009, Australia has been the only country within the International Energy Agency without enough oil in storage to cover net demand for 3 months. In 2014, Australia had just 59 days of backup supplies.

Unless we upgrade our refining capacity or cut down our demand for petroleum products, Australia may be 100% dependent on overseas refining by as early as 2030.

Original source infographic: Oil Refining and Australia’s Market

Longreach Council Depot – Fuel Dispensing Upgrade

Longreach Council Depot – Fuel Dispensing Upgrade

Recently we did a site installation of a GrandeX68 self bunded tank for Longreach Council in Queensland, Australia. They were desperate for a refuelling and fuel management solution that would allow them greater speed and flexibility within the depot for refuelling machinery & trucks. The other requirement was full Australian standards compliance on the equipment and minimal disruption to existing operations during the installation phase. One of the biggest caveats around this was the need for MINIMAL building work.

The end product speaks for itself. It was a straight forward job with a satisfied customer at the end of the job.

We captured a great video of the installation team on route to the job.

The F.E.S. TANKS Convoy consisted of:

  • Puma Energy fuel delivery truck 120,000l capacity approx..
  • Semi-trailer with 67,120 safe fill level fuel storage tank.
  • Support vehicles and installation crew.

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What we hope it shows is the sense of size with our units and the massive capacity these tanks can hold.

self bunded tank seating

Bunded tank High Mast system

self bunded tank and puma energy refuelling truck

grandex68 self bunded tank longreach council depot

Make no mistake these are big commercial units that deliver big commercial efficiencies once installed.

PayPal Payments at the Pumps; Coming to Australia

paypal at the pumps

Fuel Pump Paypal Payments in Australia; only a matter of time.

In the UK, Shell has partnered with PayPal with plans to be the first fuel retailer in the UK to offer a mobile payment solution at fuel dispensers. With the trial introduction of this system it is only a matter of time before we see this being trialed in Australia as well.

paypal at the pumps

Shell, one of the largest multinational oil and gas companies and single brand fuel retailers in the world combined with Paypal, an e-commerce payment platform that has been at the forefront of payment gateway technology for years, will ensure this technology and trial will succeed.

What this will do is bring another level of convenience that will help the consumer fill up and pay even faster. This will also drive additional revenue streams for PayPal and possibly the Shell forecourts as convenience leads to customer satisfaction and quicker customer turnaround.

So how does the system work?

“Consumers will be able to use the service through either the Shell Motorist App or the PayPal App in a few easy steps. After driving into the forecourt the customer simply selects the corresponding pump on the app. The app then authenticates the transaction and the customer can then fill up and go. When refuelling is complete a receipt is automatically sent through to the phone, letting the consumer drive away, safe in the knowledge the transaction was a success.”

The principle works like this.

Simply pull up to the pump.
Open the app, and enter your code.
Then scan the QR code, or enter the pump ID. That’s it!
No more queuing behind weekly shoppers. No more leaving the kids behind when you pay.
Just Fill Up & Go.
And they send you an electronic receipt.
Leaving you to get on with your busy life.

Great concept. Surely only a matter of time before we see it in Australia?

Source: http://www.shell.co.uk/motorist/shell-fuels/fill-up-and-go.html

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